LIVING IN a multilingual society, the Duano people, who speak the Duano language in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, are inevitably exposed to language contact with various languages spoken in the region. This exposure provides Duano speakers with a range of linguistic options to select from in order to achieve their communicative goals. Among these, speakers adopt and replicate linguistic features, including affixes from Jambi Malay, a dominant language, into their linguistic repertoire. This study addresses two primary research questions: (1) How are replicated affixes from Jambi Malay used by Duano speakers? and (2) What motivates the replication of Jambi Malay affixes in Duano? Fieldwork conducted in Tanjung Jabung Barat in August 2024 collected natural data, narrative data, and elicited data. The findings reveal that most replications of Jambi Malay affixes in Duano are non-obligatory and are considered optional. Due to this non-obligatory nature, the replicated affixes function primarily as linguistic “ornaments.” Furthermore, the motivations behind the replication of these affixes include prestige and identity-flagging (both as Duano speakers, as well as part of the Jambi Malay community). This explains why the replication of affixes remains non-mandatory and is closely tied to social motivations, functioning as a symbolic “social token.”
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Ernanda, Ekarina, & Nely Arief, "Ornamental Replication in Multilingual Duano Speakers", Word, 71, 3 (2025): 131-156.
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